At the same time we do not know many of the species that occur in the World with new species being discovered at an increasing rate with new genetic techniques. In Central Africa it is clear that there are many newspecies to be discovered but at the same time there are very few herpetologists from Africa who are studying amphibians. The African Amphibian Working Group held its 16th meeting in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park  in 2014 to share experiences between herpetologists working in Africa but at the same time to train up a new cohort of African scientists who will work on this group of threatened animals.

A training program was held before the meeting and attended by 18 African scientists from Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda and included an overview of what is known about amphibians on this continent and training in how to study and collect specimens correctly, to preserve tissue for DNA analysis and how to study the emerging disease caused by Chytrid fungus which is responsible for the decline and extinction of many amphibian species. A short video about that training can be accessed here:

Contents

1. Introduction                                                                                                                        Page 3

2. Information sources and acknowledgements                                                                     Page 3

3. Taxonomy                                                                                                                          Page 3

4. Information provided                                                                                                         Page 3

5. Why butterflies?                                                                                                                 Page 4

6. The Albertine Rift                                                                                                              Page 4

7. Discussion                                                                                                                          Page 7

8. The Checklist                                                                                                                     Page 8

9. Key                                                                                                                                     Page 12

10. References                                                                                                                        Page 13

Appendix 1. Gazetteer of localities for DRC and Tanzania                                                  Page 14

Figures

Figure 1. Map of the Albertine Rift. All 123 species in the checklist are found                   Page 5 exclusively within the shaded area of the map.

Figure 2. Map of western Uganda, illustrating major forest localities                                  Page 5 mentioned in the checklist (coded) and other protected areas

uncoded). For key, see page 12

Figure 3. Map of the central section of the Albertine Rift, illustrating major                       Page 6 localities in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda

mentioned in the checklist (coded). For key, see page 12

Figure 4. Map of western Tanzania, illustrating major localities mentioned                        Page 6 in the checklist coded). For key, see page 12

1. Introduction

This checklist of the endemic butterflies (Rhopalocera) of the Albertine Rift was compiled as part of a strategic planning process for the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Albertine Rift Programme. Some 117 butterfly species are listed, all of which are found exclusively within the Albertine Rift. This represents the first checklist to document specifically the endemic butterflies of these parts of Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia. Whilst no checklist of this nature can ever be considered comprehensive, it is hoped that the list is as complete and topical as current knowledge permits. Drawn from the available literature and personal observations, the document provides information on each endemic species including recorded localities, as well as broader details on the Albertine Rift itself.

2. Information sources and acknowledgements

Information has been drawn from a variety of sources including Carcasson (1961; 1975), D’Abrera (1980; 1997), Henning (1988), Kielland (1990), Larsen (1991), Ackery, et al. (1995), Davenport (1996), Howard & Davenport (1996), Congdon & Collins (1999), Congdon, Gardiner

& Bampton (2001), as well as numerous workers from earlier parts of the last century (e.g. Butler, Carpenter, Evans, Heron, Jackson, Joicey, Neave, Rebel, Rogers, Stempffer, Talbot, van Someren). Additional information came from collections held at Makerere University Zoology Museum, Kampala and the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. Steve Collins (ABRI, Nairobi) provided considerable and invaluable information, and I am very grateful to Colin Congdon (Tanzania) and Alan Gardiner (Zambia) for very useful comments on an earlier draft.

3. Taxonomy

The higher classification of butterflies follows Kielland (1990) and Congdon and Collins (1999). Thus, four superfamilies (Papilionoidea, Lycaenoidea, Nymphaloidea and Hesperoidea) and nine families (Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Satyridae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Acraeidae and Hesperiidae) are recognised. Species are consistent, as far as possible, with Kielland (1990), Ackery et al., (1995) and Congdon and Collins (1999). The African distribution details and ecological affinities follow Davenport (1996).

4. Information provided

The list is arranged systematically to species level and alphabetically thereafter. As far as possible this conforms to the taxonomic sequences in the literature. The numbering system was designed for this checklist specifically. Species have not been provided with a common or colloquial name. The majority of taxa endemic to the Albertine Rift have never been endowed with one. The few that have are given in Davenport (1996).

Each species has been ascribed one of ten habitat types (although only five are associated with species in this list) based on the literature and personal observations in the field (Davenport,

1996; Howard and Davenport, 1996). These ecological affinities belong to three major categories,

namely forest-dependent species (F-species), characteristic of closed canopy forest habitats; forest non-dependent species (f-species), which may be recorded in closed-canopy forest but are not necessarily dependent upon it, and are more often encountered in a variety of forest edge, degraded forest and woodland habitats including Miombo (Brachystegia) in Tanzania; and non- forest (open habitat) species include those characteristic of a range of open savannah, grassland and arid habitats (O).

The species’ altitudinal range, if known or limited, has been given and expressed as metres above sea level. Each species has also been supplied with a list of countries in the Albertine Rift from which it has been recorded. Species that are endemic also to one of the six countries considered are marked accordingly. Finally, locality records are given for all butterflies where possible or known. In some instances, specific localities are not known and thus regions (such as north Kivu, western Uganda or Ufipa) are given.

There is confusion in the literature regarding distributions, particularly for the older records. Inevitably names and locations change with time and this is especially so in former colonies. For example in Uganda, Kibale has been referred to as Toro, Daro or Mpanga, the latter being problematical as there is also an Mpanga forest near Kampala. Bwindi Impenetrable has been termed as Kayonza or Kamengo (a name also given more usually to Semliki). As far as possible, the ‘old names’ have been changed to their currently used ones.

5.Why butterflies?

Being amongst the most colourful and conspicuous of invertebrate taxa, as well as diurnal in habit, more is known about the ecology and taxonomy of butterflies than any other major insect group. Whilst there remains a considerable amount to learn particularly about early stages, compared with most invertebrates much is understood about butterfly biology and ecology (Vane- Wright and Ackery, 1984). Often comprising distinct communities, suites of butterfly species

may be specific to geographical sub-regions and diverse ecological conditions (Howard and Davenport, 1996). These traits contribute to the value of butterflies as biological indicators and much research has been carried out over the past decade to support this (Kremen, 1992; 1994; Sparrow et al 1994; Beccaloni and Gaston, 1995; Howard et al., 1997; 1998).

The unequivocal environmental and dietary requirements of many species mean that their presence or absence can communicate much about a habitat and its health. Butterflies respond quickly to environmental changes and there is now considerable data on how particular species contend with alterations in land-use, and thus may play a valuable role in ecological monitoring (Daily and Ehrlich, 1995). The influence of seasonality on the presence or absence of adults of certain species, and on their morphology, as well as knowledge of species ecology must always be considered. However, the compilation of species lists may be used both qualitatively and

quantitatively, to comment on a habitat (its condition and vegetation) and to identify conservation and monitoring needs. Increasingly, therefore, butterflies are being used as tools in ecological

monitoring strategies (Pollard and Yates, 1993; Sparrow et al., 1994).

6. The Albertine Rift

There is no clear-cut definition of the Albertine Rift. For the purposes of this document, endemic butterflies of the Albertine Rift are those found only within the geographical boundaries illustrated in Figure 1. This area begins north of Lake Albert between Arua and Pakwach (West Nile, Uganda) and extends southward including Lendu Plateau, the lower reaches of the Kibali and Ituri rivers (Orientale, DRC), the forests of western Uganda and Kigezi (Uganda), north and south Kivu (DRC), western Rwanda and Burundi, Itombwe to Marungu in western Katanga (DRC), western Tanzania (Kigoma and Mpanda regions) and a small part of north west Zambia. Parts of the Ufipa Plateau, including Mbizi and other highland areas of Rukwa region (Tanzania) are also included. Figures 2-4 illustrate some of these areas in more detail.

Figure 3. Map of the central section of the Albertine Rift, illustrating major localities in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda mentioned in the checklist (coded). For key, see page 12

7. Discussion

As far as can be ascertained there are 117 species of butterfly from 49 genera endemic to the Albertine Rift, amounting to approximately 3.2% of the total fauna for the continent including Madagascar. This figure is impressive, particularly when compared to the total of 78 species that are known to be endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains of southern Kenya and Tanzania (Congdon, Gardiner & Bampton, 2001). Of these 117 species, 21 are endemic to Tanzania, 23 to DRC, 21 to Uganda, 2 to Rwanda and 1 to Zambia. The remaining 52 species are distributed amongst the six nations with 16 species records for Burundi, 43 for DRC, 28 for Rwanda, 9 for Tanzania, 44 for Uganda and I for Zambia.

Endemic taxa are consistently distributed across the families with 3 Papilionidae, 8 Pieridae, 50

Lycaenidae, 8 Satyridae, 28 Nymphalidae, 8 Acraeidae and 12 Hesperiidae represented. Only

Riodinidae and Danaidae, the two smallest African families (represented by a total of 12 and 20 species respectively) are not present in this list. In terms of habitat preferences, 55 species are forest dependent (F), 1 forest lowland (FL) and 44 forest highland (FH), 11 species are forest non-dependent, 6 are from open habitats and 1 from open highland habitats. Thus 85.5% of the total are forest dependent, 9.4% forest non-dependent and 5.9% from open habitats.

This list is strictly limited to the area delineated in Figure 1. Had, for example, forests in the western shores of Lake Victoria (Sango Bay in Uganda and Minziro in Tanzania) been included, this list would approach 200 species. A considerable number of taxa are restricted to south west Uganda, eastern DRC and the lake Victoria shoreline. Indeed there are many similarities with the ecology of the lakeshore forests and the western highland forests (Howard & Davenport, 1996).

Similarly, the assumed boundary of the Albertine Rift cuts through eastern Ituri. If this were extended west to include more of this region, or north to include parts of southern Uele, a number of additional DRC endemics would be included. For example, Argiolaus bergeri, Stempffer 1953 (from Yindi and Kibali-Ituri), Hypokopelates tenuivittata, Stempffer 1951, (Epulu), Cupidesthes minor, Joicey & Talbot, 1921(Avakubi and Ituri river), Euriphene (Euriphene) rotundata,

Holland 1920 (Medje), Euphaedra intermedia, Rebel 1914 (North Kivu, Uele and Itoa River), Euphaedra sinuosa, Hecq 1974 (Beni and Uele) are all forest DRC endemics that have been ommitted.

Undoubtedly there are gaps in this list, particularly in respect to localities. Inevitably a list of this nature is a reflection of collectors and their preferences and research projects. There is, for example, much less published literature available about the butterfly fauna of Burundi. Moreover, many parts of DRC have presumably never been sampled. That notwithstanding a total of 117 species represents a very significant number of endemic taxa, further illustrating the considerable significance of the region for conservation.

8. The checklist

No Species                                 Author           Date Hab Altitude Country Localities

PAPILIONOIDEA

PAPILIONIDAE (SWALLOWTAILS)

Papilioninae (Swallowtails)

PIERIDAE (YELLOWS & WHITES)

Pierinae (Whites)